Before class, Chapter 12

Frank Lloyd Wright is a huge name for architecture. He believed space was the essence of design and took his the Japanese architecture and design for his buildings. He believed they were a model for harmonious proportion and visual poetry. He also created furniture, graphics, fabrics, wallpapers, and stained-glass windows. Headmaster Newbery, Charles Mackintosh, J. McNair and Frances Macdonald became known as "The Four" and but also known as the Glasgow School. They developed a unique style of originality and symbolic complexity. Designs of the Four are identified by symbolic imagery and stylized form.

On April 3, 1987 the Vienna Secession occured. At first it was about the refusal to allow foreign artists to participate in Kunstlerhaus exhibitions but eventually the clash of traditions vs. new ideas became the main issue. Benchmark posters for the secession showed the evolution of the French-inspired floral style to the new Glasgow School inspirted work. At first Vienna was the center for creative innovation. Gustav Klimt was a huge figure during this time, and referred to Greek mythology with Athena vs. the Minotaur. Ver Sacrum (Sacred Spring) was published between 1898-1903  and was a new style. It was a smaller, square formant and had hard vigorous lines with hand lettering and printed in color on a colored background.

The German architect and designer Peter Bhrens became major. He sought typographic reform and used a grid system for his layouts. He tried to start the sans-serif typography. In 1904 a huge change in his work occured after Mathieu Lauweriks joined the Dusseldorf faculty, which he was a part of. He had very geometric patters with circles in squares and such.

In 1890 the world's first underground electric railway system opened in London. Frank Pick was a huge figure by this time.