Before Class, Chapter 10

William Pickering (1796-1854) played a huge role in distinguishing between Graphic Design and Printing Production. He started as an apprentice, then a book seller, then a publisher. He made woodblock ornaments, initials, and illustrations and controlled format design, type selection, illustrations and more.Pickering watched over his printers carefully and established a good relationship with Charles Whittingham of Chiswick Press, who produced Pickering's books of prose and poetry. With Whittingham, Pickering revived Caslon type. Pickering's edition of Oliver Bryne's "The Element of Euclid" is a landmark book design. The images are printed with bright primary colors with woodblocks and the book's approach the learning was more permanent. The supposed leader of the English Arts and Crafts movement was William Morris. It was called the Arts and Crafts movement due to the nature of materials and methods of production and individual expression by both designer and worker. The philosophy of this movement was inspired by John Ruskin (1819-1900).

William Morris is also a key person, and in 1853 he went to Exeter College, in Oxford, where he met Edward Burne-Jones. Arthur H. Mackmurdo was inspired by Morris and after a trip to Italy, started the Century Guild in 1882. The Century Guild included Selwyn Image, illustrator, and Herbert R. Horne, writer, both of whom were also designers. The goal of the guild was to "render all branches of art the spehere, no longer of the tradesman, but of the artist." The group evolved a new design aesthetic by incoporating REnaissance and Japanese design ideas into their work. Their designs provided one of the links between the Arts and Crafts movement and the floral stylization of art nouveau.Thanks to the guild the Century Guild Hobby Horse began publication in 1884 as the first finely printed magazine devoted to just the visual arts. (Reminds me of today's modern "Layers" magazine) The Hobby Horse was made under Sir Emery Walker who was a master printer and typographer at Chiswick Press.